Wireless Networking Concept Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Wireless Networking Concept. Answer: Information Encryption Standards for WiMAX 3DES and AES are the most famous encryption guidelines that are being utilized to encode information that are being moved in the WiMAX organize. Overall Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) can be expressed as an association of the associations that are contributing in the turn of events and assembling of remote contraptions in way to improve and upgrade the norms for Broadband like systems (Hassan Bach, 2014). The 3DES (Triple Data Encryption Standard) has been utilizing three extraordinary and different keys that are of the length 56-piece each nonetheless, these could hinder the real execution in a portion of the product. Subsequently 3DES becomes out of date due to the commitment in making the presentation moderate and constrained length of the keys. This lead to the need of another encryption standard and now AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) has become the primary apparatus for the encryption of information while voyaging or being moved through WiMAX arrange. AES is e quipped for giving 256-piece, 192-piece, and 128-piece encryption keys for the encryption of the information (Ravishankar, et al., 2017). It was advanced through acquiring CCMP standard and got one of the most well known norms. In correlation with the triple information encryption principles AES is a lot quicker and a lot simpler to be executed and utilized and it likewise required less memory in examination. There are the conceivable outcomes that it probably won't have the option to utilized by all end-client terminals however it does requires devoted processors on board the BS (Eren, 2014). This outcome it as the most essential scrambling apparatus that can be utilized in the WiMAX Network. The third picked encryption standard is (Rivest Shamir Adleman)RSA that can be portrayed as an open key uneven calculation for the encryption that can likewise be utilized to scramble through utilizing the SS open key in way to ensure the Authorisation Reply message. The Authorisation Reply me ssage incorporates a calculation key named AK (Authorisation Key) that is additionally can likewise be utilized to scramble the traffic messages or can be utilized as traffic encryption keys during the exchange of the messages to the SS from the BS (Ahmad Ismail, 2016). Among the DES, 3DES, AES and RSA the more powerful and simple encryption standard is the AES that can be actualized during moving the information or data or record through WiMAX arrange. In correlation with the Security Associations (SAs), it can likewise be expressed this is the most made sure about encoding calculation that could be utilized to scramble the information and guard them. In view of the multifaceted nature AES is the least difficult scrambling calculation (Nomula, Rafai verma, 2016). Security challenges looked by instances of WPAN Technology There are different instances of the WPAN innovation that could be executed while being associated with a system or utilizing a system the most well-known systems are Bluetooth and ZigBee arrange that has been decided for the appropriate response of this inquiry. Remote innovation faces a considerable lot of the issues identified with the security and comparably these advancements likewise faces certain security gives that can be recorded as: Security issues identified with the utilization of the Bluetooth system can be recorded as: Forswearing of administration DoS is one of the straightforward information penetrating coding that could oppose the client or even denies the client to interface with the system through sending different solicitations at a similar second through various or single petition. This assault could prompt the smashing of the gadget, correspondence blocked, battery utilization and a lot more vulnerabilities that bring about genuine harm to the client (Padgette, 2017). Bluesnarfing: This is additionally one of the straightforward coding in the word reference of the programmers that let the gatecrasher access to the data and information that is spared into the gadget through matching with the gadget. There are sure applications accessible on the web that can allow it to occur and even an individual can make calls and message utilizing Bluetooth arrange from different gadgets (Al-Janabi et al., 2017). Listening stealthily This way of assault permits the gatecrasher to sniff the encompassing through which the sign is going through the Bluetooth organize and might investigate the sign that is being going through the system. This could prompt both the protection and security issues for the client utilizing Bluetooth organize. Blue irritating This is an assault that permits the client to remotely get to different gadgets and could without much of a stretch control the exercises of the gadget through further coding. This could even send messages either text or voice and select any alternative makes the gadget helpless against be utilized by its proprietor. Following is a rundown portraying the security issues identified with the ZigBee arrange: Sniffing: It is a method that permits gatecrashers to sniff the ill-advised coding to the system in way to scramble the framework with inappropriate coding and influence the data being saved money on the system (Misra et al., 2016). Replay assault: this is another method of assaulting the data I which the interloper records the message going during the traffic and after a case replays the recorded data alongside the vindictive code. Physical Attacks: One of the most widely recognized assaults for any system and in this system hampering is made in the wake of finding the gadgets. General path for driving this assault is Hard coded encryption keys which are stacked in the RAM are regularly utilized by radios working in the ZigBee organize once the gadget is fueled. Vitality Harvesting The main paper by Fisal and Sherali (2016) presented that WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) innovation has been as of late began to get the acknowledgment as a key empowering method for the figuring zones that are rising unavoidable in this part. The remote sensor systems have been persistently pulling in the consideration of different partners including the plan and the method of usage. The creator built up a thorough arrangement plot for procedures of vitality gathering that utilized the outer sources and encompassing condition for producing through remote sensor systems. The creator has completely surveyed the instrument of vitality reaping and delivered the method that could be positive in collecting the energies. They expressed that it merits nothing that very wellspring of vitality has various abilities of collecting, and that outcomes in the reaper equipment plan that is likewise extraordinary for every class that could be useful in deciding the proficiency of the gatherer. Base d on discoveries and review made by them they have reasoned that It is important that every vitality source has distinctive collecting abilities and, therefore, the collector equipment configuration is likewise unique for every classification which at last decides the proficiency of the reaper (Faisal and sherali, 2016). Another article proposed by Ulukus et al. (2015) states about the strategies and instrument of vitality gathering remote correspondences. The creators have accentuated on the development of the model of vitality participation and move, which could have made chance through bridling the vitality, from the exchange of the messages or data through the remote system. Different points had been secured by the creators concerning the physical layer of the exhibition and the instructive hypothetical medium access control convention. They have reasoned that the dangers looked by vitality gathering from physical and handy concerns has made this procedure face new difficulties and the conversation of the vitality and data move gives energizing prospects that can be adjusted later on to adjust the system tasks with improved execution. References: Ahmad, R., Ismail, W. (2016). Execution Comparison of Advanced Encryption Standard-128 Algorithms for WIMAX Application with Improved Power-Throughput.Journal of Engineering Science and Technology,11(12), 1-17. Al-Janabi, S., Al-Shourbaji, I., Shojafar, M., Shamshirband, S. (2017). Study of fundamental difficulties (security and protection) in remote body territory systems for medicinal services applications.Egyptian Informatics Journal,18(2), 113-122. Eren, E. (2014). SECURITY ASSESSMENT OF IEEE 802.16 (WIMAX)A SHORT COMPARISON BETWEEN IEEE 802.16 d AND 802.16 e.International Journal of Computing,7(2), 91-99. Hassan, A., Bach, C. (2014, April). WiMAX Basics From Deployments to PHY Improvements. ASEE. Misra, S., Goswami, S., Taneja, C., Mukherjee, A. (2016). Structure and execution examination of an open key infrastructure?enabled security structure for ZigBee sensor networks.International Journal of Communication Systems,29(13), 1992-2014. Nomula, R., Rifai, M. E., Verma, P. (2016). Multi-photon lenient conventions for quantum secure correspondence in remote standards.International Journal of Security and Networks,11(1-2), 25-36. Padgette, J. (2017). Manual for bluetooth security.NIST Special Publication,800, 121. Ravishankar, C., Zakaria, G., Benammar, N., Corrigan, J. (2017).U.S. Patent No. 9,722,789. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Shaikh, Faisal Karim, and Sherali Zeadally. Vitality collecting in remote sensor organizes: An extensive survey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55 (2016): 1041-1054. Ulukus, Sennur, et al. Vitality collecting remote correspondences: A survey of late advances. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 33.3 (2015): 360-381.

poem essays

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Inner Beauty Matters Essay

Internal excellence matters what number occasions do we see ourselves in the mirror and offer negative remarks about our looks. I’m not lovely or I’m excessively fat or I’m excessively overweight. These are not many of the expressions that first ring a bell in quite a while when they take a gander at themselves in the mirror. All things considered, 90% of high school young ladies don't care for the manner in which they look or show up. The purpose behind that is †in our general public you get consideration from individuals in the event that you look appealing and dazzling. A few young ladies who are overweight would get negative remarks from peers like-‘That young lady is too ugly’ or ‘That young lady resembles a bulldozer’. Fat isn't something you have, it is something you are. We don’t state â€Å"You have fat,† we state, â€Å"You are fat. † We relate to our bodies. So the young person gets the message that this heftiness is disagreeableness. A portion of the youngsters who don’t acknowledge the manner in which they look, attempt to change themselves by slimming down which prompts sicknesses and infections like anorexia. Eating fewer carbs is the act of ingesting nourishment in a managed manner to accomplish or keep up a controlled weight. Much of the time the objective is weight reduction in the individuals who are overweight or corpulent, yet a few people nowadays begin consuming less calories since they need to change the manner in which they appear to the general public. Be that as it may, the main thing throughout everyday life? An old precept states, â€Å"Beauty is subjective depending on each person's preferences. † Something or somebody is wonderful, contingent upon the point of view of the individual glancing in. In any case, the significant thing that issues is-Is the individual gorgeous from inside? Since Without an uncertainty internal magnificence keeps going forever though external excellence blurs. Anybody can counterfeit the outside to make oneself look better and pretty yet inward excellence can’t be faked. For instance you could be the most delightful individual on the planet yet on the off chance that you have a loathsome character it just makes you appalling. Your self-perception is the means by which you see, contemplate your body however this may have no connection at all on your genuine appearance. For example, it is basic in Western countries for ladies to accept they are bigger and fatter than they truly are. Just 16% of ladies are happy with their body weight. Our body shape is now chosen before we are conceived. Every last one of us is a one of a kind individual with our own qualities from our mum and father. There is just a single individual on the planet molded like you. Abstaining from excessive food intake doesn't change body shape. The conveyance of weight on your body is going to remain the equivalent †so figure out how to cherish what your identity is. Slimming down isn't successful †counting calories changes a person’s digestion with the goal that they are bound to lose bulk than fat. Rather than counting calories to look better and appealing, you can work out, which is the best and most secure approach to get more advantageous. Liking your body as it is encourages you to keep up an uplifting viewpoint in different parts of your life.

Association of International Graduate Admissions Consultants

Two years ago I attended Tucks first Conference of International Educational Advisors. I went with the purpose of learning more about Tuck. And I did learn a lot about Tuck, as expected, but I discovered that I enjoyed meeting my competition and professional colleagues much more than I anticipated. The networking was great! I have also watched the educational advising industry explode over the roughly 13 years that I have been in it. When I first started Accepted, most people thought I was crazy. Today, new consultancies are popping up like mushrooms after it rains. This growth has fueled concerns about quality and integrity in the industry. As an outgrowth of the Tuck conference and the growth of the admissions consulting industry, in late 2005 I proposed to GMAC that it host a panel about admissions consulting. GMAC accepted my proposal, and last June I was part of a panel presentation at the GMAC Conference entitled Admissions Consultants: Love em, Hate em, Use em. On the panel with me were Ricardo Betti of MBA Empresarial, Maxx Duffy of Maxx Associates, and Graham Richmond of Clear Admit. In response to feedback at the conference and in recognition of a need for a professional graduate admissions consultant association, the four panelists from the GMAC conference have founded the Association of International Graduate Admissions Consultants (AIGAC): To establish standards of practice for top graduate admissions consultants. To create a recognized emblem of professional quality and integrity AIGACs Stamp of Excellence for applicants and the larger admissions community. To provide a forum for member networking and professional development. To offer schools a convenient conduit for communication with consultants and a means for distinguishing between consultants who adhere to the standards and those who dont. On behalf of the AIGAC board, I am proud to announce that AIGAC is open for business. As its first president, I join the other board members in inviting admissions consultants who share its vision, meet its requirements, and adhere to its standards to become members. Join the board, other AIGAC members and me in taking our industry to improved levels of service and professionalism. If you have any questions about AIGAC, please feel free to call me at the AIGAC office (916) 446-3670. If I am not available, please leave a message and some times when I can call you back. Please also feel free to email me with your questions. I also invite applicants, as you approach the 2008 season, to look for AIGACs Stamp of Excellence. Those consultants who display it have met AIGACs membership requirements and agreed to operate in accordance with AIGACs Principles of Good Practice. That emblem means professional quality for you. Schools, in general, are supportive of our efforts. Here are a couple of responses that we have received: From Rose Martinelli, Associate Dean for Student Recruitment and Admissions, University of Chicago Graduate School of Business: candidates may need guidance in exploring career options, identifying appropriate programs and determining the best way to position their candidacy. An organization like AIGAC assures both schools and candidates that there are industry standards in place and consulting firms linked to this organization are following ethical practices. From Dawna Clarke, Director of Admissions, The Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth: At Tuck, we embrace relationships with educational advisors around the world. The advice they provide to prospective students is mutually beneficial to the students as well as the schools they represent.I applaud the current effort of this group to come up with ethical standards of behavior. For more on AIGACs birth, please see the press release and the post on Clear Admits blog.

University of San Diego Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The University of San Diego is a private Catholic research university with an acceptance rate of 53%. The university has a stunning 180-acre campus defined by its Spanish Renaissance architecture style and views of Mission Bay and the Pacific Ocean. Beaches, mountains, and desert are all within an easy drive of the University of San Diego. The university was awarded a chapter of  Phi Beta Kappa  for its strengths in the liberal arts and sciences. The USD Toreros (Bullfighters) compete in the NCAA Division I  West Coast Conference. Considering applying to the University of San Diego? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, University of San Diego had an acceptance rate of 53%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 53 students were admitted, making San Diegos admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 13,287 Percent Admitted 53% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 19% SAT Scores and Requirements The University of San Diego requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 67% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 600 670 Math 590 690 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of University of San Diegos admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to University of San Diego scored between 600 and 670, while 25% scored below 600 and 25% scored above 670. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 590 and 690, while 25% scored below 590 and 25% scored above 690. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1360 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at University of San Diego. Requirements University of San Diego does not require the SAT writing section. Note that San Diego participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. SAT Subject tests are not required, but will be considered if submitted. ACT Scores and Requirements The University of San Diego requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 45% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 25 33 Math 25 29 Composite 25 30 This admissions data tells us that most of University of San Diegos admitted students fall within the top 22% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to University of San Diego received a composite ACT score between 25 and 30, while 25% scored above 30 and 25% scored below 25. Requirements Note that University of San Diego does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. University of San Diego does not require the ACT writing section. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA for incoming University of San Diego freshmen was 3.9, and over 70% had average high school GPAs above 3.75. These results suggest that most successful applicants to University of San Diego have primarily A grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph University of San Diego Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to the University of San Diego. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances The University of San Diego, which accepts over half of all applicants, has a selective admissions process. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average ranges, you have a strong chance of being accepted. However, San Diego also has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong  application essay  and a glowing  letter of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule.  Applicants with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their test scores are outside of San Diegos average range. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that the majority of successful applicants had high school GPAs of 3.5 or better, combined SAT scores of 1150 or higher (ERWM), and ACT composite scores of 24 or better. Your chances of receiving an acceptance letter are best if your numbers are above this lower range. If You Like University of San Diego, You May Also Like These Schools University of San FranciscoSan Diego State UniversitySanta Clara UniversityArizona State UniversityCSU - Long BeachUC - DavisUC - San Diego All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and University of San Diego Undergraduate Admissions Office.

The History of Chamber Music - 895 Words

The History of Chamber Music What is chamber music? It is ensemble instrumental music for up to about ten performers with typically one performer to a part. Since circa 1450, there has been instrumental music designed for private playing. These pieces used many instruments and (in Germany) it was common that the folk songs would contain 2-3 countermelodies to expand and elaborate the whole, and to arrange the outcome for groups of instruments. Although the pieces were never written for particular instruments, we can, through art/paintings, reasonably guess that the viol was a predominant early chamber music instrument. A more important source of later chamber music is to be found in the†¦show more content†¦Parallel to the developments that led from the vocal chanson, in France, to the instrumental canzona, primarily in Italy, was the development of the dance suite. Early sixteenth-century dance tunes in all countries of Western Europe usually had appeared in pairs: one was slow, stately in mood and in duple metre (i.e., with two beats to the bar); the other fast, lively in mood, usually in triple metre, and often melodically similar to the first. Through much of the sixteenth century, composers in the several countries sought to expand the dance pair into a unified dance suite. Suites based on variations of one movement appeared in England; suites in which each of four dances had its own rhythmic character, melodically based on the first dance, were written in Germany; sets of dances with no internal relationships to each other were common in Italy. The most influential steps were taken in France by composers for the lute or the clavecin (harpsichord). Consisting essentially of four dance forms that were then popular – the allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue – the suites they composed were based on contrasting tempos, metres, and rhythmic patterns. The French version of the dance suite became the prototype for later chamber-music forms. It was not until the middle of the seventeenth century that two types of composition –Show MoreRelatedHistory of the Violas Role in Part-Writing for Chamber Music975 Words   |  4 PagesCarolyn Hunter Music 700 November 1, 2009 Mini-Research Paper #2 History of the Viola’s Role in Part-Writing for Chamber Music There is considerable debate amongst scholars as to whether the birth of the viola preceded or succeeded that of the violin. However, iconographic and documentary evidence indicate that the violin, viola, and cello most likely evolved together as a family of instruments very early in the sixteenth century and almost certainly in northern Italy. Part-writingRead MoreEssay about Handel and Bach Comparisons840 Words   |  4 PagesJacob Zeller Professor Davidson History of Music 114:01 15 November 2012 Bach v. Handel When thinking of composers, whose works changed the world of music forever, many names may come to mind. Among those on that list, both Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel are figures whose effect on music has been felt worldwide. Born in the same year, these composers have much in common and many differences that illustrate their importance to their era and music as we see it today. Their individualismRead MoreThe Van Beethoven s Musical Style And Innovations1263 Words   |  6 PagesLuwig Van Beethoven Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany and spent his musical career in Vienna. Beethoven is â€Å"widely considered to be one of the pre-eminent classical music figures of the Western world† (Beethoven 5). 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According to Charles Burney, an English music historian, Fairnelli â€Å"set off with such brilliancy and rapidity of execution that it was difficult for the violins of those days to keep pace with him†¦ [he] could hold his notes for such a long time that those who heardRead MoreFranz Schubert: A Biography and Musical Analysis Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pagesbirthday) – and his music was generally unrecognized and unappreciated during his time, but his exemplification of romantic lyricism and immen se amount of composing, which encompasses approximately 600 liturgical music scores and lieder (lyric songs); nine symphonies that truly represent the era of classicism; several pieces for the stage; choral music; overtures; piano music, including sonatas and trios; chamber music; string quartets; impromptus; three song cycles; incidental music; seven masses; andRead MoreClassical Music And The Music868 Words   |  4 Pagesthe duty of the artist. Classical music is composed with such emotion it can leave an audience stricken with feelings after hearing a movement. The key is the emotion behind the music. It leaves listeners to wonder what was going on during that time in a composer’s life. Whether it was joyful and happy or depressing and dark, the audience wants to know the motive behind the composition of music. Classical radio stations are the perfect place to enjoy the music that started it all Classical radioRead MoreA Brief Biography of Elliot Cook Carter Jr.1127 Words   |  4 PagesHe became involved in music initially as a teen, and was encouraged in this regard by family friend Charles Ives, who was also a composer. At the age of 15, he had the opportunity to sit in the audience of the Boston Symphony Orchestra’s New York Premiere of The Rite of Spring. It was then 1924Í ¾ the experience would prove to be a major influence on the remainder of his life. Carter received his undergraduate degree in English at Harvard University, but he also studied music there, as well as at the

Anz Case Study Of Change Management Analysis-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The ANZ Case Study Of Change Management Analysis? Answer: Introduction Change management is a necessary factor within organisation for creating sustainability and profitability(Young, 2009). Change management processes include a series of transformation steps that can lead employees into the changed process. The scope of the following report analysis deals with case study analysis of ANZ Bank. The Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (ANZ) is a leading and largest bank amongst five most successful companies in Australia and also in New Zealand. The Company had gained tremendous success post its establishment in 1835, now it has expanded to various countries globally serving multitudes of investors, customers and countries(Aiken, 2009). The Company is publicly listed with consistent performance in various countries around the world. The Company has a shared cultural value based dimension with its employees and management. The Bank had been successful in developing several employee related programs which were extremely successful but there had been a major challenge faced by the Bank in 1990s. The Bank employees had faced low employee morale and customer dissatisfaction along with other related issues, which led to appointment of McFarlane as a CEO(Klaus, 2014). He was focused on achieving transition in the Bank for achieving its success and sustainability for the future. The case study analyses challenges faced by McFarlane change management process, along with recommendations in order to overcome the same. Case Analysis ANZ Bank had been extremely successful in its various employee management processes. It has long history of customer satisfaction in its various phases of history but in 1990 it faced challenges in regards to poor performance, which led to its implementation of change management programs(Avey, 2008). McFarlane, who was bent on creating long-term strategic initiative for the Bank, envisioned the change management within the Bank. He viewed lack of banks performance in rural areas, due to which he withdrew from such areas and attended to lack of senior women in higher ranks. He undertook concept of corporate social responsibility for extending competitive advantage within the industry. He went ahead with then job cuts for generating better cost-to-income ratios then further undertook organisational transformation processes(Hayes, 2014). His primary focus was to rapidly transform the organisation impacting it from top-down approach as well as bottom-up approach for creating ANZ with a h uman face that could deliver financial benefits and shareholder returns. There were tremendous amounts of discrepancies that existed in employee vision regarding the Bank and way the bank wanted to be structured. All changes that was envisioned by McFarlane was rapid and did not progress with the aid of a change management leader. Leadership of McFarlane can be considered tremendously ineffective as he could not bring about the gradual transformation in the organisation cultural processes(Oreg, 2011). Effective change management is progressed by help of a change management leader, who envisions and then later implements the change within the framework of the organisation culture. Change envisioned within ANZ was a qualitative change that had to transform the organisational climate existing within the Company. It aimed at transforming values and operations of employees which could in turn help render performance related objectives. Employee performance was inadequate at the organisation and could be impacted with changed processes(Jack Walker, 2007). Hence, for bringing about changes in employees, a transformational leader should have led the process. Failure in attending to the change process reflects the ineffectiveness and rapidness with which the change was brought about in the Company with lack of planning. Various change management models that could have been implemented could allow the Company better results with change management rather than failing in the change methodolog y. One of change management models that is often accepted by industry wide participants consists of Kotters Change Management Model(Frankland, 2008). Kotter proposed a 8-step model for change management starting with creating a sense of urgency, followed by building a coalition, then forming a strategic vision with initiatives. Further steps includes enlisting a volunteer, then enabling action by removal of barrier, then generating a short-term win, then sustaining accelerated changed process and finally attainment of change process(Yu, 2009). In first step of creating a sense of urgency, transformational or change management leader raises concern for implementing a process of change. In any change management process as it will be undertaken by employees, it is essential that a communication with confidence is created along with employees. This makes employees feel aware regarding the process of change and then implement step by step procedures(Kotter, 2008). However, in case of McFarlane change management procedure of cultural transformation at the Bank though employee engagement was the central point but they were not involved. A sense of urgency amongst senior as well lower levels employees. Though performance related parameters were designed but at every point a step was undertaken there was no evaluation of the measure. In the second step that aimed at building a coalition, implying effective people in their own capacities for coordinating and communicating amongst activities(Thompson, 2010). Though McFarlane was very aggressive regarding the idea of affecting and bringing about the process of change, he was not focused on figuring out appropriate people in roles who could create an impact and make change processes ore effective. The change management procedure at the ANZ Bank was more haphazard in nature which included undertaking various activities at the same point in time(Inalhan, 2009). The third step is the most critical step of all that encompasses forming of a strategic vision and initiatives. In this step transformational leader is expected to analyse ways in which future is going to be different as compared to its past by linking it directly to the vision. Vision of McFarlane was to make ANZ a human bank where customer satisfaction could be attempted by way of employee engagement strategies(Allen, 2007). Performance related objectives with Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) were set to set apart desired outcomes with those of present scores. The fourth step encompasses envisioning people who would effectively manage the change procedure. McFarlane visions regarding change was not very successful as there were not much participation from internal stakeholders. McFarlane way of leadership was rather transactional in nature compared to transformational styles. He linked performance based parameters by linking them to financial incentives for employees, rather than taking them into confidence for change management processes(Hamel, 2008). Opportunity to drive change can be enabled by moving in similar direction as envisioned by leader with all employees could generate positive outcome for changes within the organisation. Fifth step in Kotters change management procedure encompassed removal of all barriers. McFarlane leadership failed to visualize barriers and remove them. Primary barrier of productivity that was affecting ANZ was its bureaucratic style of management and traditional methods(Choi, 2011). Transforming this current style of management and bringing together more participative style could enhance productivity and created more employee engagement procedures. Employee engagement procedure is further encompassed by way of various innovative job design that could lead to employee motivation and their satisfaction. Employee engagement strategy can be brought about by leader and can lead to transformation in the organisation in a productive manner. In generating short-term wins, KPIs needed to be collected to track progress and energize volunteers(Herold, 2007). Data was collected from ANZ in the first instance and then change management procedure was impacted, in between there were no endeavors made. If the management would have collected data to mark progress of change management procedure then it could have led to better outcomes for the Company. In this step for sustaining acceleration for success, credibility for improved systems is developed with policies and structures(Connelly, 2011). Initiating change until vision is achieved is a major way to achieve success in change management procedure. The Bank did not collect much of information on its employees for generating their effectiveness and efficiency. The Bank did not highlight and provide clear path for its managers for guiding and arriving at results from their employees. In the final stage articulation between the new behaviour and organisational success is attained for becoming successful(Shin, 2012). It is at this stage that the entire change process envisioned is implemented. The focus of change management procedure at ANZ was blurred hence the change management procedure could not be successfully attained to. McFarlane did accept that the change management procedure at the Bank was not planned out in a proper manner that led to its failure. Primary vision of shareholders is to maximize the value of their investment in the Company, they appointed McFarlane as a capable CEO for ANZ. McFarlane had a successful career and reports that made him capable to handle the various challenges that was then posed by the Company. Tracking personal charisma and his performance he was appointed to take charge of the bank and to lead it. McFarlane was however, not a capable transformational leader, though he envisioned various changes in ANZ(Turner Parish, 2008). In order to bring about changes into the Bank he brought about several haphazard changes for keeping up with competitive nature in the market. Though he could not establish changes in regards to acquisitions. All his endeavors for generating profitability and sustainability in the bank was by talent management. He did not undertake thorough data collection and analysis of his various human resources hence his various schemes did not yield him much returns. Kurt Lewins model of c hange also proposes a three step procedure for bringing about changes in an organisation as Freeze, Change and Refreeze(Keller, 2009). In this procedure also change is encompassed in a step-by-step fashion and does not progress with varied dimensions in a multi-dimensional manner. Though the organisation yield success in its various employee related programs however it could be successful in its leadership and cultural transition management. Conclusion Analysis of the above conditions for change reflects an ambience of positive spirit within the Company. While it is prevalent that organisational change is conducive to success and long term sustainability of the organisation, in case not applied properly can lead to mismanagement and loss for the organisation. The ambience of change as analysed in ANZ Bank was to bring about positive changes such as to match its services to current prevalent conditions in the industry. ANZ Bank needs to analyse appropriately its employees outlook prior to implementing any sort of change management strategy. The Company also needs to adopt change management or transformational leader, who has capacity to bring about changes within the organisation appropriately. As the scope of the organisation extends to various domains and it being a service related organisation, there needs to be appropriate change management strategies that is able to incorporate adequate changes within its framework. Thus, while change management can generate positive impacts, it needs to be carefully evaluated and then applied for generating overall positive outcome for the organisation. Reference Lists Aiken, C. . 2009. The irrational side of change management. McKinsey Quarterly, 100-109. Allen, J. J. 2007. Uncertainty during organizational change: Managing perceptions through communication. Journal of change management, 187-210. Avey, J. B. 2008. Can positive employees help positive organizational change? Impact of psychological capital and emotions on relevant attitudes and behaviors. The journal of applied behavioral science, 48-70. Choi, M. 2011. Employees' attitudes toward organizational change: A literature review. Human Resource Management, 479-500. Connelly, M. 2011. Kurt Lewin change management model. . Retrieved January 2013, from Change-Management-Coach. com: https://www. change-managementcoach. com/kurt_lewin. html. Frankland, R. M. 2008. U.S. Patent No. 7,356,482. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Hamel, G. 2008. The future of management.Human Resource Management International Digest. Hayes, J. 2014. The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Herold, D. M. 2007. Beyond change management: a multilevel investigation of contextual and personal influences on employees' commitment to change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 942. Inalhan, G. 2009. Attachments: The unrecognised link between employees and their workplace (in change management projects). Journal of corporate real estate, 17-37. Jack Walker, H. A. 2007. Factors influencing organizational change efforts: An integrative investigation of change content, context, process and individual differences. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 761-773. Keller, S. . 2009. The inconvenient truth about change management. Klaus, C. 2014). Change Management. . Grundlagen und Erfolgsfaktoren. Kotter, J. P. 2008. Force for change: How leadership differs from management. Simon and Schuster. Oreg, S. . 2011. LEADERSHIP AND EMPLOYEESREACTIONS TO CHANGE: THE ROLE OF LEADERSPERSONAL ATTRIBUTES AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE. Personnel psychology, 627-659. Shin, J. T. 2012. Resources for change: The relationships of organizational inducements and psychology resilience to employees' attitudes and behaviors toward organizational change. Academy of Management Journal, 727-748. Thompson, J. L. 2010. Strategic management: Awareness change. Cengage Learning EMEA. Turner Parish, J. C. 2008. Want to, need to, ought to: employee commitment to organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 32-52. Young, M. 2009. A meta model of change. . Journal of Organizational Change Management, 524-548. Yu, M. C. 2009. Employees' perception of organizational change: The mediating effects of stress management strategies. Public Personnel Management, 17-32.

The Vasa Capsizes

The management of large-scale projects such as the VASA II in 1629 has real challenges which affect the project. As a project manager one has to be involved in all the logistics of such a large project.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Vasa Capsizes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I would assign the job to design the VASA II to a company that is competent enough to deliver the project to the desired quality and deliver the project on time. The selection of the right company has to consider a lot of factors. The choosing has to look at the organizations ability to carry out such a project without being overwhelmed. Because the VASA II is to be better than the VASA I then the pressure is on the firm that is to get the contract. Considering the factors that befell the VASA I then the firm has to be ready to work harder in the design of the ship. The firm has to be properly designed so that it will not fail as the VASA I did. Because the VASA II has to be the largest and most glorious ship on the ocean then it will be designed with the specifications of the king. The firm that will meet these requirements will be awarded the contract to deliver the ship. (Kugeler, M.M, Rosemann, N.A., 2003). Due to the financial nature in Sweden at this time then the firm has to be able to cope with the risks. Such a large project is prone to risks. These include running out of resources to complete such a project. There is also the risk of running out of time to deliver the project which will result in losses. These losses suffered will be borne by the people so it is important for the firm to provide the project in the specified time. The scenario in the ship building industry is that the designs are not calculated mathematically in order to come up with the best and stable design. The shipwright has to design the ship.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we ca n help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a project manager one should ensure that the shipwright uses the design of previous successful ships to develop the best and most stable vessel. The reference from other designs will also improve the aspect such as loading of the ship and its weight ratios. (Miesing, P., 2004). The process of project management should be followed keenly. After the planning and designing phase then the implementation of the design comes into action. This execution is the most crucial part because of the lack of proper mathematical ratios of the materials. The shipwright has to determine the displacement volume, its form and weight stability. With such factors as these then the shipbuilder is crucial in the execution of the plan. The proper execution of the design depends on the craftsmanship, experience and professional skill of the shipbuilders. (Martin Stevens, 2002) Due to the many battles that Sweden is involved in then delivery of the ship is crucial because it is expected to bring victories to the country. The delivery of the ship is crucial for protection of the country. It will carry troops and supplies to the battlefields. It will also increase the revenue of Sweden by levying taxes on the cargo ships. The ship will also blockade the enemy ships that try to escape from any port. With such demands on the firm then it will be crucial for the delivery in a timely manner. As the project manager then the delivery of the project is dependent on the organization chosen to build the ship. (Martin Stevens, 2002). References Kugeler, M.M, Rosemann, N.A (2003). Process Management: A guide for the design of business processes. New York: Prentice Hall.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Vasa Capsizes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Martin Stevens (2002). Project Management Pathways: Theory and Practice. London: APM Publishing Limited, 2 002. Miesing, P. (2004). The Vasa Capsizes. Web. This case study on The Vasa Capsizes was written and submitted by user Maya D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Euphemisms for Death

Euphemisms for Death Euphemism is especially frequent, says linguist John Algeo, when we must come face to face with the less happy facts of our existence. Here we consider some of the verbal tranquilizers employed to avoid dealing head-on with death. Despite what you may have heard, people rarely die in hospitals. Unfortunately, some patients do expire there. And according to hospital records, others experience therapeutic misadventures or negative patient-care outcomes. However, such mishaps cant be nearly as disappointing as the patient who has failed to fulfill his wellness potential. Most of us, I imagine, would rather die than let down the side in this fashion. Well, perhaps not die exactly. We might be willing to pass on, like dinner guests who take a pass on dessert. Or depart, as we should after a night out. (Theyre no longer with us, our hosts will say.) Unless, of course, weve had a bit too much to drink, and then we might just end up lost or asleep. But perish the thought. In the article Communication About Death and Dying, Albert Lee Strickland and Lynne Ann DeSpelder describe how one hospital worker tiptoed around the forbidden word. One day, as a medical team was examining a patient, an intern came to the door with information about another patients death. Knowing that the word death was taboo and finding no ready substitute, the intern stood in the doorway and announced, Guess whos not going to shop at Wal-Mart anymore. Soon, this phrase became the standard way for staff members to convey the news that a patient had died.Dying, Death, and Bereavement, ed. by Inge Corless et al. Springer, 2003 Because strong taboos surround the subject of death in our culture, countless synonyms for dying have evolved over the years. Some of those synonyms, such as the gentler terms suggested above, are regarded as euphemisms. They serve as verbal tranquilizers to help us avoid dealing head on with harsh realities. Our reasons for using euphemisms are varied. We may be motivated by kindnessor at least politeness. For example, when speaking of the deceased at a funeral service, a minister is far more likely to say called home than bit the dust. And to most of us, resting in peace sounds more comforting than taking a dirt nap. (Note that the opposite of a euphemism is a dysphemism- a harsher or more offensive way of saying something.) But euphemisms arent always employed with such solicitude. A substantive negative outcome reported at a hospital may reflect a bureaucratic effort to disguise an interns blunder. Likewise, in wartime a government spokesperson may refer abstractly to collateral damage rather than announce more candidly that civilians have been killed. Euphemisms, Death and Mortality [E]uphemism cannot cancel the reality of death and mortality, says Dorothea von MÃ ¼cke in an essay on German writer Gotthold Lessing. Nonetheless, it can prevent the sudden confrontation, the accidental, unprotected encounter with death as the real, as decomposition and undifferentiation (Body and Text in the Eighteenth Century, 1994). Euphemisms serve as reminders that communication is (among other things) an ethical activity. Strickland and DeSpelder elaborate on this point: Listening carefully to how language is used provides information about the speakers attitudes, beliefs, and emotional state. Becoming aware of the metaphors, euphemisms, and other linguistic devices that people use when talking about dying and death allows for greater appreciation of the wide range of attitudes toward death and promotes flexibility in communication. Theres no doubt that euphemisms contribute to the richness of language. Used thoughtfully, they can help us avoid hurting peoples feelings. But when used cynically, euphemisms can create a haze of deceptions, a layer of lies. And this is likely to remain true long after weve bought the farm, cashed in our chips, given up the ghost, and, as now, reached the end of the line.

The Pluralism Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Pluralism Project - Essay Example Therefore, from her article she summarizes that pluralism is like an engagement. It helps in bringing a common society from different diversity together. It is considered to be among the possible responses to the new diversity. Pluralism in our society is not welcomed fully, some look at it with extreme hostility while others feel threatened by it. Other people in our society are looking forward to the days when the differences seen in our society will fade away into the predominantly Christian culture landscape. These voices of the past are now being echoed in the current America’s religious and cultural discussions. The diversity has produced fault lines in America’s religions, and these lines of weakness indicate how American society is with huge cracks of separation. Ecks sees the pluralism alone is not the cause of Americas diversity hut it plays an active engagement role in diversity. It is more than just tolerating the religious differences in our society, what pluralism requires is knowledge for one to understand it and fully appreciate it. It is an act of individuals respecting what others believe in pertaining a given religion. It is also used to refer to different beliefs that are held by more religious views to be acceptable by the beliefs or appear equally valid. Religious pluralism is considered an expression that tries to accept any religion that is in existing or that relates to each in certain ways. It is more than just mere tolerance of other views that are being put forth by other religions (Chaves and Gorski, pg. 261). Pluralism in religion tends to admit the fact that the name put forth by the various religious views throughout the world is not regarded as the ultimate and exclusive source of truth. What this tries to portray is that some elements of truth do exist in religion as much as it exists in

What was the defining concept of military conflict during the Cold Essay

What was the defining concept of military conflict during the Cold War; nuclear weapons or proxy wars - Essay Example Various US policies and some significant events were clear indication that the Cold War was unavoidable (Whitton 1951). The USA fought the war using ideologies like the containment policy that had been fuelled by domino theory, Potsdam, and Yalta conferences, Iron Curtain Speech of Winston Churchill, Marshal Plan, and the Truman Doctrine and Russia responded with communist ideas (Ball 1998). Soviet expansion, proxy wars, nuclear arms race, the Berlin airlift, and Cuban Missile Crisis were some of the moments that clearly defined the tension between the USA and the Soviet Union. Therefore, there was no form of active military confrontation during the Cold wars as the nations were battling it out through political and economic ideologies. Whereas traditional wars had been defined through armed conflict, the Cold War was fought indirectly. Western and Eastern Europe countries created an atmosphere for advocating either for American or Russian processes of democracy and communism (Innes 2012). It is, therefore, important to discuss the defining concept of military conflict during the cold wars, whether it was based on proxy wars or Military conflict. When mankind had developed weapons too terrible to use like the atomic and nuclear bombs, the presence of these deadly weapons deterred the superpowers of engaging in active or direct confrontation (Stein, 1980). History holds that wars are always eminent, but development in arms race would discourage direct military action. Therefore, the best way for the super powers was to engage in limited wars that are only devastating to the participating countries and other people involved but not destructive to the global levels or result in mass destruction (Innes 2012). During the cold war, the world was divided into First, Second and Third Worlds (Ball 1998). The First Worlds comprised the western nations that had capitalist economies with

Tata Docomo Essay Example for Free

Tata Docomo Essay Tata Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It encompasses seven business sectors: * Communications and information technology * Engineering * Materials * Services * Energy * Consumer products * Chemicals. Tata Group was founded in 1868 by Jamsetji Tata as a trading company. It has operations in more than 80 countries across six continents. Tata Group has over 100 operating companies each of them operates independently out of them 32 are publicly listed. The major Tata companies are Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Tata Power, Tata Chemicals, Tata Global Beverages, Tata Teleservices, Titan Industries, Tata Communications and Taj Hotels. The combined market capitalization of all the 32 listed Tata companies was $89.88 billion as of March 2012. Tata receives more than 58% of its revenue from outside India. Tata Group remains a family-owned business, as the descendants of the founder (from the Tata family) owns majority stake in the company. The current chairman of the Tata group is Cyrus Pallonji Mistry, who took over from Ratan Tata in 2012. Tata Sons is the promoter of all key Tata companies and holds the bulk of shareholding in these companies. The chairman of Tata Sons has traditionally been the chairman of the Tata group. About 66% of the equity capital of Tata Sons is held by philanthropic trusts endowed by members of the Tata family. The Tata Group is perceived to be Indias best-known global brand within and outside the country as per The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India survey. The 2009, annual survey by the Reputation Institute ranked Tata Group as the 11th most reputable company in the world. The survey included 600 global companies. The Tata Group has helped establish and finance numerous quality researches, educational and cultural institutes in India. The group was awarded the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy in 2007 in recognition of its long history of philanthropic activities. HISTORY The Tata Group was founded as a private trading firm in 1868 by entrepreneur and philanthropist Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata. In 1902 the group incorporated the Indian Hotels Company to commission the Taj Mahal Palace Tower, the first luxury hotel in India, which opened the following year. After Jamsetji’s death in 1904, his son Sir Dorab Tata took over as chair of the Tata Group. Under Dorab’s leadership the group quickly diversified, venturing into a vast array of new industries, including steel (1907), electricity (1910), education (1911), consumer goods (1917), and aviation (1932). Following Dorab’s death in 1932, Sir Nowroji Saklatwala became the group’s chair. Six years later Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (J.R.D.) took over the position. His continued expansion of the company into new sectors—such as chemicals (1939), technology (1945), cosmetics (1952), marketing, engineering, and manufacturing (1954), tea (1962), and software services (1968)—earned Tata Group international recognition. In 1945 Tata Group established the Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) to manufacture engineering and locomotive products; it was renamed Tata Motors in 2003. In 1991 J.R.D.’s nephew, Indian business mogul Ratan Naval Tata, succeeded him as chairman of the Tata Group. Upon assuming leadership of the conglomerate, Ratan aggressively sought to expand it, and increasingly he focused on globalizing its businesses. In 2000 the group acquired London-based Tetley Tea, and in 2004 it purchased the truck-manufacturing operations of South Korea’s Daewoo Motors. In 2001 Tata Group partnered with American International Group, Inc. (AIG) to create the insurance company Tata-AIG. List of Tata Group Chairmans * Jamsetji Tata (1887–1904) * Dorabji Tata (1904–1932) * Nowroji Saklatwala (1932–1938) * J. R. D. Tata (1938–1991) * Ratan Tata (1991–2012) * Cyrus Mistry (2012–present) The Tata Group has donated a Rs. 220 crore ($50 million) to the  prestigious Harvard Business School (HBS) to build an academic and a residential building on the institute’s campus in Boston, Massachusetts. The new building will be called the Tata Hall and used for the institute’s executive education programmes. The amount is the largest from an international donor in the business schools 102-year-old existence. The recent The Brand Trust Report 2011 has ranked TATA as the second most trusted brands of India. In a 2011 investor poll conducted by equity research firm Equitymaster, TATA Group was voted as the most trustworthy among the Indian corporate houses. Over 61% of the respondents showed their confidence in the Tata Group. The Tata Group retained its Most Trustworthy status in the 2012 edition of the poll. One Tata project that brought together Tata Group companies (TCS, Titan Industries and Tata Chemicals) was developing a compact, in-home water-purification dev ice. It was called Tata swach which means â€Å"clean† in Hindi and would cost less than 1000 rupees (US $21). The idea of Tata swach was thought of from the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean, which left thousands of people without clean drinking water. This device has filters that last about a year long for a family of five. It is a low-cost product available for people who have no access to safe drinking water in their homes. The advantage of this device is that it does not require the use of electricity. TCS also designed and donated an innovative software package that teaches illiterate adults how to read in 40 hours. â€Å"The children of the people who have been through our literacy program are all in school,† says Pankaj Baliga, global head of corporate social responsibility for TCS. In 1912, Tata Group expanded their CEO’s concept of community philanthropy to be included in the workplace. They instituted an eight-hour workday, before any other company in the world. In 1917, they recommended a medical-services policy for Tata employees. The company would be among the first worldwide to organise modern pension systems, workers’ compensation, maternity benefits, and profit-sharing plans. Trusts created by Tata Group control 65.8% of company shares, so it can be said that about 66% of the profits of Tata Group go to charity. The charitable trusts of Tata Group fund a variety of projects, for example the Tata Swach and the TCS project. They founded and still support such cherished institutions as the Indian Institute of Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, the National Centre for the Performing Arts and the Tata Memorial Hospital. Each Tata Group company channels more than 4 percent of its operating income to the trusts and every generation of Tata family members has left a larger portion of its profit to them. After the Mumbai attacks, Salaries of then heavily attacked Taj Hotel employees were paid despite the hotel being closed for reconstruction. About 1600 employees were provided food, water, sanitation and first aid through employee outreach centres. Ratan Tata personally visited families of all the employees that were affected. The employee’s relatives were flown to Mumbai from outside areas and were all accommodated for 3 weeks. Tata also covered compensation for railway employees, police staff, and pedestrians. The market vendors and shop owners were given care and assistance after the attacks. A psychiatric institution was established with the Tata Group of Social Science to counsel those who were affected from the attacks and needed help. Tata also granted the education of 46 children of the victims of the terrorist attacks. Tata DoCoMo TATA DOCOMO is an cellular service provider on the GSM,CDMA and platform-arising out of the strategic joint venture between Tata Teleservices (subsidiary of Indian conglomerate Tata Group) and Japanese telecom giant NTT Docomo (subsidiary of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) in November 2008. It is the countrys sixth largest operator in terms of subscribers (including both GSM and CDMA. TATA DOCOMO is part of the Indian conglomerate Tata Group. The company received licenses to operate GSM services in nineteen telecom circles and was allotted spectrum in eighteen of these circles and launched GSM services on 24 June 2009. It began operations first in South India and currently operates GSM services in eighteen of twenty two telecom circles. It has licences to operate in Delhi but has not been allocated spectrum from the Government. Docomo provides services throughout India. Tata DOCOMO offers both prepaid and postpaid cellular phone services. It has become very popular with its one second pulse especially in semi-urban and rural areas.[citation needed] On 5 November 2010, Tata DOCOMO became the first private sector telecom company  to launch 3G services in India. Tata DOCOMO had about 42.34 million users at the end of December 2010. TATA DOCOMO MARKERT SEGMENTATION: Tata DoCoMo divided the market into smaller segments with distinct needs, characteristics and behavior with separate marketing strategies. TATA DoCoMo used the Demographic segmentation firstly to introduce the new brand keeping an eye on mid and higher end of the Indian consumers. They chose Indian youth as their primary target and started occupying the space in young Indian minds by connecting with them at various levels and through multiple channels The rationale behind this choice were 1. Tata Docomo intended to generate most of its future revenues through its differentiated content based and value added services, which is not so much relevant for low end consumers who are more price sensitive than mid and high end consumers 2. Indian telecom market was soon expecting 3G licenses. This would mean a huge potential for content based and value added services in the near future. Mid and higher end young consumers will be the early adopters of these services as they are more adaptable to change, are dynamic and willing to try new things. 3. They wanted to connect to opinion makers, and Indian youth would be the best fit to that profile. 4. Indian telecom market was soon expecting Mobile Number Portability (MNP). This would mean a potential of switching of telecom vendors by Indian consumers. And targeting the opinion makers would mean an aspiration build up in masses to switch to the brand that is most admired. 5. Tata teleservices has its CDMA offering which already caters to mass market in India. Hence there was no specific need to address this segment. TATA DOCOMO MARKERT TARGETING: * TATA DoCoMo is offering series of differentiated products to their respective markets. * Home calling cards for the family of those professionals who work abroad. * Cheap SMS facility for youth. * Facilities for circle users. Tata Docomo rolls out a marketing campaigns platform over cloud, Hosted Campaign Manager (HCM) service for its Enterprise and SME customers. This service is offered in 16 circles namely Hyderabad, Karnataka, Mumbai Maharashtra, Kerala, UPW, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kolkata and West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar and UP East. Aggregators, FMCG, service industry, media and banking insurance companies, outsourcing companies, advertisement agencies and campaign event management companies can get its advantage to the fullest. Through voice blast feature, customers can send a prerecorded message to thousands of phones from a targeted, DND scrubbed dialing list. This solution enables one to conduct effective communication anywhere across the PSTN cloud at blazing speed, said a press note. Tata Docomos Hosted Campaign Management enables customers to reach out to larger target audience, more frequently, at affordable costs without any infrastructure to run th e outbound processes. Differentiation It used tariff plans to differentiate itself from other major players like Vodafone, Airtel and Idea in the GSM category. It has cheaper rates than any other CDMA service provider and the added advantage is that unlike CDMA, a different handset is not required. Pulse rate of per second, where all other services used one minute gave TATA DOCOMO the first mover advantage. Also, services offered were customised as per subscribers. TATA DOCOMO has unveiled a portfolio of Value-Added Services that has reinvented mobile telephony in India. It offers products and services like diet SMS, Free VoiceMail, Timed SMS Service, Missed Call Alerts, Call-me Tunes, etc. All of them are customized to liberate and refresh the subscribers. Brand Positioning TATA DOCOMO has positioned itself as a â€Å"value for money† brand. The first move on this front was to cut through the clutter and redefine the entire pricing paradigm. In the clutter of confusing service providers, TATA DOCOMO is positioned as the country’s most transparent, innovative and liberating telecom brand. * Tata Docomo wanted to create an identity for themselves in the mind of the youth. They realized that their brand should do the  following * Familiarity – they need to create familiarity for the brand in the mind of their target i.e. Indian youth. Youth should always be able to recognize the brand ‘logo’ and its value proposition. In fact, Indian youth should be more than willing to identify themselves with the brand in society * Relationship –They need to associate themselves with attributes like transparent, simple and innovative brand in the mind of their target customers. And over the term of their relationship with their customers, they should be consistent to these attributes in every interaction. * Experience – They need to ensure that customer gets consistent message and promise irrespective of which channel he chooses to interact with the brand. Brand’s communication, new offerings and actions should consistent to its promise to the customers * Trust – They need to stand up to probity in public life and social dealings to be perceived as socially and culturally compatible brand and thereby gain trust of the society. In the already cluttered Indian telecom market, Tata Docomo positioned itself as one of the country’s newest and most-exciting GSM telecom services company that provides value for money and can be easily identified with the attributes as transparency, simplicity and innovation. 1. Positioning based on value for money – Complex pricing mechanisms and processes were used by Indian telecom players. These were not easily understood by consumers and they found difficult to choose the best plans for them. Tata Docomo launched its products with ‘Pay what you use’ policy which were attractive for customers. 2. Positioning based on technology – 3G service and Number Portability were soon to be launched in India. And Tata Docomo leveraging its partnership with NTT Docomo positioned itself as a provider ready to provide 3G services in India. Telecom customers are not really happy with their existing service providers. According to Nielsen Mobile Consumer Insights ‘Close to one in five (18%) of Indian mobile customers said that they would change their operator if they have the ability to retain their number’. It was good enough reason to attract customers who are looking for a better provider. 3. Positioning based on innovative ways – Tata Docomo positioned itself based on its ‘Do the New’ promise. It introduced multiple innovative offerings like ‘Buddy Net’, ‘Diet SMS’, ‘Pay per site’, ‘Pay per second’ etc. To establish their brand equity in Indian telecom industry, Tata Docomo started with their branding activities. Brand/product/company The Tata DOCOMO brand is the 10th entrant in the crowded Indian telecom market which was already ruled by established brands such as Airtel, Reliance, and Vodafone. Despite the stiff competition the company made a dent in the telecom market due to an innovative marketing strategy. In a short span of time the company has been able to differentiate and distinguish itself from the other brands and own a distinct consumer mind space. The company has brought disruptive innovation to the market not only through it products and services but also through unique marketing initiatives that have captured the minds of the consumers. As it stands today, Tata DOCOMO is the fastest growing brand in terms of market share. We (project team) chose to study and analyze the Tata DOCOMO brand due to its uniqueness and the success of its marketing strategy. For consumers, the Tata DOCOMO brand offers a host of differentiated services. Tata DOCOMO boasts the following benefits to consumers on its official website. * We are the fastest growing young telecom brand in the country; we never stop innovating and thinking out of the box. With us every day is new. * We dont need creams to be fair, its in our blood. With us you will get honesty, frankness, transparency. Say hello to the most transparent plans, a world-class network responsive customer care. * We are the first private operator to launch 3G in partnership with the world leader in 3G, NTT DOCOMO, Japan. * We redefined competition with our pay per second tariffs and decided to let the good news spread, therefore we introduced pay per second on STD ISD. You can call USA and Canada @1p/sec. * Keeping up with our mantra of doing the new we have made roaming affordable to the common man by extending the pay per second offers on roaming anywhere in India on our network. * We dont bully you to take what you dont need. And thats why; we have pay per site, that lets you pay only for the site(s) you love @Rs.10 per site per month. * We never ever ask you to count your friends. With BuddyNet you can bond with the whole world @1p/6sec On-Net. Be ready! * We dont decide for you, you decide your own pick from our daily, weekly or monthly packs of Talk-time, GPRS, music, cricket updates, night calling etc. starting at Rs.2. * Why should anyone else decide what song you should listen to when you call someone? With My Song hear your song when you call. * We completely believe why you should pay  for whats not your fault, thats why with us you get free Missed Call alerts in case you miss a call when you are not in coverage area or your phone is switched off. * Fun in limit is no fun. With us you can download unlimited Call-Me tune @Rs.10 per week. * We dont believe in making you pay for reaching out to us. Call our toll free customer care number anytime. * When we say you are important we mean every single word of it. So why should you wait, have direct access to the customer care executive by pressing 9 anytime during the call. * We are all ears. You can call us or online Live Chat with us, anytime. And guess what, you can access your hometown call center even when out of town. Product line TATA Docomo launched many products in the ‘Diet’ product line aimed at reducing the cost for the customer. Following products were launched ï‚ · Diet SMS Its custom made for those who are allergic to typing long. In this service, each SMS merely costs you 1 paisa per character, up to a maximum of 15 characters. And user is not charged for the spaces. ï‚ · Diet Postpay Plans – It offers refreshingly different options to postpaid users. They get opportunity to make their own plans by choosing the service they use most frequently, be it Local, STD or SMS. And to make their own plans they have more than 100 options to choose from. NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IDEA GENERATION Tata group of industries want to introduce their products in almost every field of life. With invention of mobile phone services world become a global village. Increasing number of mobile users attract TATA group of industries to introduce their product in mobile phone services. The board of directors of TATA gets the idea for mobile service operator by its own employees who were using other mobile operators. They think about to bring their own technology or to share any existing company through which they communicate with other employees and officials. IDEA SCREANING: From too many ideas the TATA group selected one to create a telecom company with the experience of any existing company. They decided to introduce a new mobile operator company with the partnership of Japanese telecom giant NTT  Docomo and launch TATA DoCoMo in India. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT TESTING: The Tata DOCOMO (DO Communication over mobile) brand stands for â€Å"Do†ing things that you want to do. The Tata DOCOMO brand is all about co-creation and user participation. The youth brand that Tata DOCOMO set out to build has been successfully created in the digital space through a balanced mix of design, innovation, technology and engagement. The brand’s main mantra â€Å"Do the new† is a concept that prompts every citizen to do something new, even if it’s a small thing. This concept aligns with the company’s products and services, many of which are new to the market. TATA has good reputation in all over the India. They make a questioner to ask people about new telecom service and when they started their transmission people show positive response towards the product. MARKETING STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT: Being the tenth entrant in the already competitive telecom market, it was difficult for Tata Docomo to differentiate themselves from the existing service providers. Tata was already a well-known household brand name in India, however Docomo was hardly known to Indian masses and hence there was a need to establish the Docomo brand. They wanted to create an identity for ‘Tata Docomo’ which customers would love and trust. Tata Docomo has a vision to be the most loved teleservices brand in India. And their marketing research revealed that their service offering should be centered on transparency, simplicity and relevant ‘life centric’ innovation to achieve this. They found that they should connect to the opinion makers of the society and create brand attraction among Indian masses. This focused approach can give them visibility in highly competitive market. Tata DoCoMo adopted disruptive innovation as a market penetration strategy. This was required to enter the Indian telecom market which had dominant players such Airtel and Vodafone. To capture market, Tata DoCoMo offered services that were unlike anything the consumers had experienced before. The per second tariff also changed the rules of the game by forcing existing service providers to lower their tariffs and also set a benchmark for new entrants such as MTS who now offer similar tariffs. This allowed Tata DoCoMo to capture market quickly. Having penetrated the market successfully, Tata DoCoMo now competes not only on the basis of price but also with value added  services. BUSINESS ANALYSIS: After the market strategy development the TATA group make a telecom operators business analysis. Their Cost, sales, profits and other business routines. They study the Airtel and Vodafone which were already existing very strong telecom operators in the market. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: When TATA group analyzed the other telecom operators business they satisfied with the profit margins and finally started to capture all the India and install their transmission equipment in all the major cities. When transmission equipment installed then TATA start to furnish customer offices in targeted areas and started their services. TEST MARKETING: Finally TATA DoCoMo introduced in market initially. The customer gave positive response and highly like this service in the market. And its first testing sales are too fast and people demanded it and admire it due to its brand name. COMMERCIALIZATION: TATA DoCoMo after first introduction in the market started their full commercialization in market in a very small time they got maximum market share. To bring in the knowledge of people about this new service of DoCoMo they used different channels like TV, newspapers, radio, brushers, magazines, etc.

Parenting Style of the Watsons Essay -- Teaching Essays

Parenting styles are very important in influencing children’s behavior, and the styles form the context in which children’s behavior might occur (Fox para. 2). There are four different types of parenting styles. These styles, developed by child psychologist Diana Baumrind, who provides a majority of the information found in the book Understanding Children and Adolescents,include authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, and neglectful/uninvolved (Forsyth 376). In the extremely funny children’s book The Watsons Go to Birmingham-1963, the author Christopher Paul Curtis uses the family’s life and adventure as a way of showing many characteristics of a particular parenting style used on the children. The main focus is on Byron and what effect the parenting approach has on the child’s behavior. Throughout this essay I am going to argue that the Watsons, as parents, use the authoritative parenting style and that the parenting style has an effect on the child’s behavior. Using my research, I will define the four types of parenting styles and their effects on child behavior. Baumrind’s work on the classification of the four parenting styles has influence research on the effects parenting has on child behavior (Fox para. 3). I will also use specific examples from Curtis’s book, showing Byron’s behavior, along with various responses that demonstrate that the authoritative approach is used. The first type of parenting style identified by Baumrind is the authoritative approach. Authoritative parents use both parental authority and an explanation of their standards in specific situations. Children raised with the authoritative parenting style have the highest social competence (Forsyth 32). Authoritative par... ...—1964. New York: Bantam, 1995. Darling, Nancy. â€Å"Parenting Style and Its Correlates.† Eric Digest1999. Ebsco. 5 December 2001. Forsyth, Alfred G., Peggy D. Forsyth, David E. Schickedanz, and Judith A. Schickedanz. Understanding Children and Adolescents. 4th ed. Mayfield, 1993. Fox, Roberta A. â€Å"An Empirically Derived Classification of Parenting Practices.† Journal of Genetic Psychology 106 (1999): 343, 14 pp. Masterfile Premier. Ebsco. Joyner Library, Greenville. 2 December 2001. Horton-Parker, Radha J. â€Å"Teaching Children to Care: Engendering Pro-Social Behavior through Humanistic Parenting.† Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education, and Development 37.2 (1998): 66, 12 pp. Masterfile Premier. Ebsco. Joyner Library, Greenville. 2 December 2001.

Enlightenment Philosophers Essay

John Locke (1632-1704) The British philosopher John Locke was especially known for his liberal, anti-authoritarian theory of the state[->0], his empirical theory of knowledge, his advocacy of religious toleration, and his theory of personal identity. In his own time, he was famous for arguing that the divine right of kings is supported neither by scripture nor by the use of reason. In developing his theory of our duty to obey the state, he attacked the idea that might makes right: Starting from an initial state of nature with no government, police or private property, we humans could discover by careful reasoning that there are natural laws[->1] which suggest that we have natural rights[->2] to our own persons and to our own labor. Eventually we could discover that we should create a social contract[->3] with others, and out of this contract emerges our political obligations and the institution of private. This is how reasoning places limits on the proper use of power by government authorities. Regarding epistemology[->4], Locke disagreed with Descartes[->5]‘ rationalist theory that knowledge is any idea that seems clear and distinct to us. Instead, Locke claimed that knowledge is direct awareness of facts concerning the agreement or disagreement among our ideas. By â€Å"ideas,† he meant mental objects, and by assuming that some of these mental objects represent non-mental objects he inferred that this is why we can have knowledge of a world external to our minds. Although we can know little for certain and must rely on probabilities[->6], he believed it is our God-given obligation to obtain knowledge and not always to acquire our beliefs by accepting the word of authorities[->7] or common superstition. Ideally our beliefs should be held firmly or tentatively depending on whether the evidence is strong or weak. He praised the scientific reasoning of Boyle and Newton as exemplifying this careful formation of beliefs. He said that at birth our mind has no innate ideas; it is blank, a tabula rasa. As our mind gains simple ideas from sensation, it forms complex ideas from these simple ideas by processes of combination, division, generalization and abstraction. Radical for his time, Locke asserted that in order to help children not develop bad habits of thinking, they should be trained to base their beliefs on sound evidence, to learn how to collect this evidence, and to believe less strongly when the evidence is weaker. We all can have knowledge of God[->8]‘s existence by attending to the quality of the evidence available to us, primarily the evidence from miracles[->9]. Our moral obligations, says Locke, are divine commands[->10]. We can learn about those obligations both by God’s revealing them to us and by our natural capacities to discover natural laws. He hoped to find a deductive system[->11] of ethics in analogy to our deductive system of truths of geometry. Regarding personal identity[->12], Locke provided an original argument that our being the same person from one time to another consists neither in our having the same soul nor the same body, but rather the same consciousness. Thomas Hobbes (1588 -1679): Moral and Political Philosophy The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes is best known for his political thought, and deservedly so. His vision of the world is strikingly original and still relevant to contemporary politics. His main concern is the problem of social and political order: how human beings can live together in peace and avoid the danger and fear of civil conflict. He poses stark alternatives: we should give our obedience to an unaccountable sovereign (a person or group empowered to decide every social and political issue). Otherwise what awaits us is a â€Å"state of nature† that closely resembles civil war – a situation of universal insecurity, where all have reason to fear violent death and where rewarding human cooperation is all but impossible. His most famous work is Leviathan, a classic of English prose (1651; a slightly altered Latin edition appeared in 1668). Leviathan expands on the argument of De Cive, mostly in terms of its huge second half that deals with questions of religion. One controversy has dominated interpretations of Hobbes. Does he see human beings as purely self-interested or egoistic[->13]? Several passages support such a reading, leading some to think that his political conclusions can be avoided if we adopt a more realistic picture of human nature. However, most scholars now accept that Hobbes himself had a much more complex view of human motivation. A major theme below will be why the problems he poses cannot be avoided simply by taking a less â€Å"selfish† view of human nature. Hobbes’s moral thought is difficult to disentangle from his politics. On his view, what we ought to do depends greatly on the situation in which we find ourselves. Where political authority is lacking (as in his famous natural condition of mankind[->14]), our fundamental right seems to be to save our skins, by whatever means we think fit. Where political authority exists, our duty seems to be quite straightforward: to obey those in power. But we can usefully separate the ethics from the politics if we follow Hobbes’s own division. For him ethics is concerned with human nature, while political philosophy deals with what happens when human beings interact. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712—1778) Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the most influential thinkers during the Enlightenment in eighteenth century Europe. His first major philosophical work, A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, was the winning response to an essay contest conducted by the Academy of Dijon in 1750. In this work, Rousseau argues that the progression of the sciences and arts has caused the corruption of virtue and morality. This discourse won Rousseau fame and recognition, and it laid much of the philosophical groundwork for a second, longer work, The Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. The second discourse did not win the Academy’s prize, but like the first, it was widely read and further solidified Rousseau’s place as a significant intellectual figure. The central claim of the work is that human beings are basically good by nature, but were corrupted by the complex historical events that resulted in present day civil society. Rousseau’s praise of nature is a theme that continues throughout his later works as well, the most significant of which include his comprehensive work on the philosophy of education, the Emile, and his major work on political philosophy, The Social Contract: both published in 1762. These works caused great controversy in France and were immediately banned by Paris authorities. Rousseau fled France and settled in Switzerland, but he continued to find difficulties with authorities and quarrel with friends. The end of Rousseau’s life was marked in large part by his growing paranoia and his continued attempts to justify his life and his work. This is especially evident in his later books, The Confessions, The Reveries of the Solitary Walker, and Rousseau: Judge of Jean-Jacques. Rousseau greatly influenced Immanuel Kant’s work on ethics. His novel Julie or the New Heloise impacted the late eighteenth century’s Romantic Naturalism movement, and his political ide als were championed by leaders of the French Revolution. The Social Contract is, like the Discourse on Political Economy, a work that is more philosophically constructive than either of the first two Discourses. Furthermore, the language used in the first and second Discourses is crafted in such a way as to make them appealing to the public, whereas the tone of the Social Contract is not nearly as eloquent and romantic. Another more obvious difference is that the Social Contract was not nearly as well-received; it was immediately banned by Paris authorities. And although the first two Discourses were, at the time of their publication, very popular, they are not philosophically systematic. The Social Contract, by contrast, is quite systematic and outlines how a government could exist in such a way that it protects the equality and character of its citizens. But although Rousseau’s project is different in scope in the Social Contract than it was in the first two Discourses, it would be a mistake to say that there is no philosophical c onnection between them. For the earlier works discuss the problems in civil society as well as the historical progression that has led to them. The Discourse on the Sciences and Arts claims that society has become such that no emphasis is put on the importance of virtue and morality. The Discourse on the Origin of Inequality traces the history of human beings from the pure state of nature through the institution of a specious social contract that results in present day civil society. The Social Contract does not deny any of these criticisms. In fact, chapter one begins with one of Rousseau’s most famous quotes, which echoes the claims of his earlier works: â€Å"Man was/is born free; and everywhere he is in chains.† (Social Contract, Vol. IV, p. 131). But unlike the first two Discourses, the Social Contract looks forward, and explores the potential for moving from the specious social contract to a legitimate one. Voltaire (1694-1778) Voltaire (real name Franà §ois-Marie Arouet) (1694 – 1778) was a French philosopher and writer of the Age of Enlightenment[->15]. His intelligence, wit and style made him one of France’s greatest writers and philosophers, despite the controversy he attracted. He was an outspoken supporter of social reform (including the defense of civil liberties, freedom of religion and free trade), despite the strict censorship laws and harsh penalties of the period, and made use of his satirical works to criticize Catholic dogma and the French institutions of his day. Along with John Locke[->16], Thomas Hobbes[->17] and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, his works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the American and French Revolutions. He was a prolific writer, and produced works in almost every literary form (plays, poetry, novels, essays, historical and scientific works, over 21,000 letters and over two thousand books and pamphlets). As his best-known work, Candideis a satirical examination on numerous themes like religion, philosophy, and government, written in the mordant wit and skepticism that Voltaire employs in so many of his works. Translated to numerous languages and adapted to the stage and screen, Voltaire’s opus continues to be widely read over two centuries later. Voltaire certainly gained enough real life experience to garner a cynical attitude towards established dogmatic institutions that repressed the individual during his lifetime. Why does so much evil exist, seeing that everything is formed by a God whom all theists are agreed in naming â€Å"good?† (â€Å"Why?† Philosophical Dictionary, 1764). In his later years Voltaire championed the rights of victims of religious, cultural, and political persecution, sharing many of the same views as Jean Jacques Rousseau[->18] (1712-1778) Charles- de Montesquieu (1689 – 1755)Montesquieu was a French[->19] social commentator and political thinker[->20] who lived during the Enlightenment[->21]. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers[->22], taken for granted in modern discussions of government[->23] and implemented in many constitutions[->24] throughout the world. Montesquieu’s most influential work divided French society into three classes (or trias politica, a term he coined): the monarchy[->25], the aristocracy[->26], and the commons[->27]. Montesquieu saw two types of governmental power existing: the sovereign[->28] and the administrative. The administrative powers were the executive[->29], the legislative[->30], and the judicial[->31]. These should be separate from and dependent upon each other so that the influence of any one power would not be able to exceed that of the other two, either singly or in combination. This was a radical idea because it completely eliminated the three Estates[->32] structure of the French Monarchy: the clergy[->33], the aristocracy, and the people at large represented by the Estates-General[->34], thereby erasing the last vestige of a feudalistic[->35] structure.Likewise, there were three main forms of government, each supported by a social â€Å"principle†: monarchies[->36] (free governments headed by a hereditary figure, e.g. king, queen, emperor), which rely on the principle of honor; republics[->37] (free governments headed by popularly elected leaders), which rely on the principle of virtue; and despotisms[->38] (enslaved governments headed by dictators[->39]), which rely on fear. The free governments are dependent on fragile constitutional arrangements. Montesquieu devotes four chapters of The Spirit of the Laws to a discussion of England, a contemporary free government, where liberty was sustained by a balance of powers. Montesquieu worried that in France the intermediate powers (i.e., the nobility) which moderated the power of the prince were being eroded. These ideas of the control of power were often used in the thinking of Maximilien de Robespierre[->40].Montesquieu was somewhat ahead of his time in advocating major reform of slavery in The Spirit of the Laws[->41]. As part of his advocacy he presented a satirical hypothetical list of arguments for slavery[->42], which has been open to contextomy[->43]. However, like many of his generation, Montesquieu also held a number of views that might today be judged controversial. He firmly accepted the role of a hereditary aristocracy and the value of primogeniture[->44], and while he endorsed the idea that a woman could head a state, he held that she could not be effective as the head of a family.|| Thomas Jefferson (1741-1826) Thomas Jefferson was born in Virginia in 1743 and died on July 4, 1826, t the same day as John[->45] Adams, his life long associate and friend. Their e relationship illustrates the dichotomy that was Thomas Jefferson. He a was the author of the Declaration of Independence, a Secretary of State, a an envoy to France, the third president of the United States, a founder of t the Democratic-Republican party, the anti-federalists party. Baron Charles de Montesquieu’s views on the separation of powers, and t the protection for the rights of the citizenry influenced Jefferson. He believed in the virtues of â€Å"checks and balances† in the formation of the national government, its secured rights and protection for the people. While his views of humanity were more idealistic than those of Madison, they were in agreement for different reasons, for controlling a strong central government. Jefferson, however, opted more for states rights as a means of protection for America’s citizen, an attitude that exemplified his anti-Federalist views. His political thinking was in some respects Newtonian, and he saw social systems as analogous to physical systems. Under this philosophy, love takes the place in the social world that gravity does in the physical world, so that all people are naturally attracted to each other, and it is dependence that corrupts this attraction and results in political problems. Wood argues that, though the phrase â€Å"all men are created equal† was a clichà © in the late 18th century, Jefferson took it further than most. Jefferson held that not only are all men created equal, but they remain equal throughout their lives, equally capable of this attractive love, and that it is their level of dependence that make them unequal in practice. Thus, removing all this corrupting dependence would make all men equal in practice. Thus, Jefferson idealized a future relatively devoid of dependence, in particular those caused by banking or royal influences. Jefferson’s concepts of democracy were rooted in The Enlightenment[->46]. He envisioned democracy an expression of society as a whole, calling for national self-determination, cultural uniformity, and based upon the education of the all the people. The emphasis on uniformity allowed no opportunity for a multiracial republic in which some groups were not fully assimilated into the identical republican values William Blackstone (1723-1780) Blackstone was the great Eighteenth Century English legal scholar whose philosophy and writings were infused with Judeo-Christian principles. The Ten Commandments are at the heart of Blackstone’s philosophy. Blackstone taught that man is created by God and granted fundamental rights by God. Man’s law must be based on God’s law. Our Founding Fathers referred to Blackstone more than to any other English or American authority. Blackstone’s great work, Commentaries on the Laws of England, was basic to the U. S. Constitution. This work has sold more copies in America than in England and was a basic textbook of America’s early lawyers. It was only in the mid-Twentieth Century that American law, being re-written by the U. S. Supreme Court, repudiated Blackstone. An attack on Blackstone is an attack on the U. S. Constitution and our nation’s Judeo-Christian foundations. Blackstone’s Commentaries draws on standard authorities from Bracton onwar d, especially Matthew Hale’s Analysis of the Law, but it is far more accessible. Book I, â€Å"Rights of Persons,† deals with government, church, corporations, and individuals; Book II, â€Å"Rights of Things,† with property, especially land; Book III, â€Å"Private Wrongs,† with torts; and Book IV, â€Å"Public Wrongs,† with crime and punishment. An immediate success—contemporary readers included George III, Burke, Edmund[->47], Charles James Fox, and legions of lawyers and laymen—it went through eight British editions in his lifetime and fifteen more by 1854, as well as numerous abridgements. The standard legal textbook for a century, it helped establish law as a university subject. The first of many American editions appeared in 1771-72, and it was translated into French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish. Though outdated in some particulars, Blackstone remains widely read. Though systematic and thorough, Blackstone was conservative and provincial. He argued that the king could do no wrong, though he regarded parliament as essential and endorsed the separation of powers. He was convinced of the superiority of English common law, though his knowledge of civil law was limited (what he knew came from Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques[->48], Grotius, Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de[->49], and Pufendorf). His constitutional theory drew upon John Locke and Montesquieu, but he was not an Enlightenment creature. He had numerous critics: Priestley, Joseph[->50] objected to his comments on religious dissenters and most famously, Bentham, Jeremy[->51] denounced his views on the sovereignty of government, as did John Austin later. Other critics included Boswell, James[->52], Gibbon, Edward[->53], and Johnson, Samuel[->54].